High-Level Design Methodology
A repeatable framework for breaking down ambiguous requirements into clear components, data flows, and service boundaries. Learn how to scope a problem, identify core entities, and sketch architectures that communicate your thinking clearly.
Low-Level Design & Class Design
SOLID principles applied to real systems, design pattern selection based on actual problems (not textbook examples), interface design, and building class hierarchies that are extensible without becoming over-engineered.
Scalability & Load Balancing Patterns
Horizontal scaling strategies, consistent hashing, sticky sessions, connection pooling, read replicas, write sharding, and understanding where bottlenecks actually occur in production systems under load.
Database Selection & Data Modeling
When to use relational vs. document vs. wide-column vs. graph databases. Schema design for read-heavy vs. write-heavy workloads, denormalization trade-offs, and how access patterns should drive your database choice — not the other way around.
Caching Strategies (Redis, CDN, Application Cache)
Cache-aside, write-through, write-behind patterns. Cache invalidation strategies that actually work, TTL tuning, cache stampede prevention, and understanding when caching introduces more problems than it solves.
Message Queues & Async Processing
When to use queues vs. direct calls, choosing between Kafka, SQS, and RabbitMQ for different use cases, exactly-once semantics, consumer group patterns, and designing async workflows that are observable and debuggable.
API Design & Rate Limiting
RESTful API design that is consistent and evolvable, pagination strategies, API versioning approaches, rate limiting with token bucket and sliding window algorithms, and designing APIs that third-party developers can actually use.
System Design Interview Frameworks
A structured approach for the 45-minute interview format: how to clarify requirements, estimate capacity, sketch architecture, deep-dive into components, and discuss trade-offs — practiced with real mock sessions and detailed feedback.